It integrated nature conservation aspects of drone operations into the existing aviation legislation. In Germany, the new Drone Regulation entered into force on 7 April 2017. Those below that weight are to be regulated by each Member State as they see appropriate. The aviation Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 provides technical safety requirements, the airfields and controllers of unmanned aircrafts, but for a drone weight above 150 kg. At EU level, the development of special drone rules is at a draft stage. ![]() There are fears that birds, seals or other animals are disturbed, that the drone controllers enter protected areas or that the landscape is affected. Despite the overall contribution of drones to the environmental protection, they may also have negative effects on the environment. Unmanned aircrafts, subsumed under the term "drones", have become in recent years due to their number and wide application a mass phenomenon. I identify the legal impediments to the implementation of drone-detection systems and counter-drone systems in New Zealand, and propose a regulatory framework to allow the adoption of those systems. The conditions established around when self-defence is efficient also provide the conditions for the regulation of counter-drone systems. It is also established that the status quo, with neither registration nor self-defence, is likely to be optimal when harm from drone activity is relatively low. Conditions are established under which each will be the preferred form of regulation. This thesis establishes a theoretical framework for self-defence, registration, and registration in conjunction with self-defence. ![]() Both of these mechanisms provide a means by which the operator of a drone faces some cost if they are causing harm, and thus may induce more efficient actions by the drone operator. Legalisation of self-defence allows bystanders to take defensive actions against drones, with the potential for a drone to be destroyed. Registered drones may also be required to carry a remotely-readable identifier. ![]() Registration requires that a drone is registered with the regulatory authorities, with a registered drone being traceable back to the owner of the drone. Fundamental to those proposals are the concepts of drone registration and the legalisation of the right to self-defence against drones. I propose the adoption of a package of measures including: tort law reform, the promulgation of a "Code of Practice for Drone Operations" under New Zealand's Privacy Act 1993, a remotely-readable identifier to identify approved operators, provision for aerial trespass by unmanned aircraft, provision for the destruction of unmanned aircraft committing trespass, and the clarification of what constitutes a privacy violation by broadcast or closed-circuit television and video systems. The first substantive chapter of this thesis considers measures to address concerns about privacy and surveillance. This in turn means that existing regulatory frameworks might not induce an efficient level of drone-related harm. Drones are able to be operated remotely from the pilot, making it difficult to identify the operator and attribute liability for harm caused. Rapid growth in the use of drones potentially delivers significant economic benefits, but it has also given rise to considerable public concern about safety risks, infringement of privacy, and other unwelcome surveillance and observation.
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